When to see a vet

Routine checkups

Every new pet should see a vet soon after arriving, ideally within the first week or two. After that, most vets suggest a checkup at least once a year for adult pets, and more often for puppies, kittens and older animals. These visits catch problems early, such as dental disease, weight changes and lumps, before they turn into emergencies.

Signs worth booking a visit

Call to make an appointment if you notice any of these, or anything else that is unusual for your animal:

• Eating or drinking noticeably more or less than usual
• Weight loss or gain you can't explain
• Vomiting or diarrhea that lasts more than a day, or keeps coming back
• Limping, stiffness or reluctance to jump or climb
• New lumps, sores, hair loss or constant scratching
• Bad breath, drooling or dropping food
• Changes in behavior, sleep or toilet habits

Rabbits, guinea pigs, birds and reptiles hide illness. For these species, small changes deserve a quicker call.

Emergencies: go now

Call your vet or an emergency clinic and go straight away if your animal has trouble breathing, collapses, has a seizure, is bleeding heavily, has been hit by a car, may have eaten something poisonous, has a swollen or hard belly with retching, is straining to urinate without passing urine, or, for a rabbit or guinea pig, has stopped eating or passing droppings.

Call ahead if you can, so the clinic is ready. Save the number of your nearest emergency clinic in your phone today. Pet poison helplines exist in many countries and may charge a fee.

No human medicines

Never give your pet medicine meant for people, or medicine prescribed for another animal, unless your vet tells you to. Common pain relievers that are safe for people can be deadly for dogs and especially cats. Doses for animals depend on species, weight and health, and only your vet can set them.

Finding the right vet

General clinics usually treat dogs and cats. For rabbits, rodents, birds, reptiles and fish, look for a vet with experience in that species. Ask the clinic directly: "How many rabbits do you see in a week?" is a fair question. Find this vet before you need one.

Getting the most from a visit

1. Write down what you have noticed and when it started.
2. Take a short video of odd behavior, coughing or limping, since animals often act normal at the clinic.
3. Bring the food packaging or a list of what the animal eats, and any medicines it takes.
4. Ask the vet what to watch for at home, and when to call back.
5. Ask for a written estimate before tests or treatment if cost is a worry.

Paying for care

Pet insurance, a dedicated savings account or a clinic payment plan can make unexpected bills easier to face. Insurance policies differ a lot in what they cover and exclude, so read the details and compare a few before you sign up. Some animal welfare charities offer reduced-cost care for people on low incomes.

Vet visits: questions